Теория языка | Филологический аспект №4 (36) Апрель, 2018

Структурный анализ монолексемических технических терминов

Клепиковская Наталья Владимировна
кандидат филологических наук. доцент, Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Россия, Северодвинск, ddiamond-71@yandex.ru

Klepikovskaya Natalya
PhD in Philology, assistant professor, Northern Arctic Federal University, Russia, Severodvinsk

Abstract: The present article deals with investigation of welding terminology structure in the field of welding production, establishment of term-formation models and frequency of terminological elements. The terms are included in simple non-derivative, simple derivative and complex models.
Keywords: terms, terminology, non-derivative terms, derived terms, prefixes, suffixes

Investigation of the structure of any terminology assumes the establishment of various ways of word formation, accounting for the number of components that form a terminological unit, and the nature of the relationship between them. In order to establish the structural features of the terminology it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to establish the most frequent word-formation models in the single-word and composite terminology and the components of these models, and to identify the most frequent terminology elements used in the creation of terms. In the course of solving these problems an analysis of the structure of the terms that are part of the welding system's terminology was made.

As a rule, the following categories of the terminology are distinguished in the linguistic literature: non-derivative, derivative, and compound. The listed categories of terms are part of two traditionally delimited main groups of terms - word terms (mono-vocabulary terminology) and terminology (word-for-word terminology).

At distribution of terminological lexicon on the categories in the present research following principles and criteria were considered.

1. Simple non-derivative terminology is lexical units consisting of one root morpheme. According to a number of linguists, the establishment of this structural category of terms does not cause special difficulties, since often the root coincides with the basis of the word [3, p. 121].

2. Derived terms are terms that are a combination of a stem with terminological elements that appear in a prefix, suffix, or prefix-suffix function.

Based on the existing in linguistics and terminology structural classifications of terms and also consistent with the tasks of this study, all the terms selected for analysis were distributed according to the structural models given below.

model 1 (M1) is simple non-derivative terminology;

model 2 (M2) is a simple derivative terminology;

model 3 (M3) is compound terminology;

Within the framework of this article, structural models of the formation of monolayeric terminology in the field of welding production will be considered, that is simple non-derivative, simple derivative and compound models.

Model M1 (simple non-derivative terminology) is represented by terms consisting of one root basis. The terms of this group are basically nouns, for example: weld, arc 'welding arc', envelope 'casing', limb 'pipe bend', skin 'scale'; among them the proper names are found, for example, Reaumur 'temperature scale Reaumur'. In addition to nouns, the terms of this group are represented by the names of adjectives, for example, bare 'uninsulated', dead - 'de-energized' and verbs, for example, to marry 'to join, splice ends', to weld 'to weld', to kill 'to turn off quenching'.

Model M2 (simple derivative terminology) covers terms formed by affixes from one producing base. This structural type is realized by means of three ways of term formation.

1. The suffix method is used to form terminological units formed from the root base by means of suffixes, for example: lead-er 'conductor', govern-or 'regulating rheostat', rivert-ing.

The following morphemes are used as the terminological elements that appear in the suffix function: -ing, -ic, -er, -ion, -or, -ment, -ure, -ant, -ation, -ate, -ar, -ance, - y, -al, -ed, -able, -ity, -ive, -age, -s, -ize, -let, -ness, -or, -le.

The greatest productivity in the field of welding terminology is possessed by suffixes -ing, -er, which in quantitative respect significantly exceed other terminological elements.

2. The prefix method is used to form terminological units formed from the root base by means of prefixes, for example: dis-charge 'chain discharge', over-coat 'cover', over-lap 'overlap', multi-circuit 'multi-chain'.

During the morphemic analysis, the main terminological elements were included in the simple derivative terminology formed by this method. The following terminology elements are used as affixes acting in the prefix function: electro-, dis-, fore-, in-, inter-, mega-, multi-, out-, over-, pre-, re-, under-. The highest frequency is shown by the prefix over-.

3. The prefix-suffix (mixed) method is used to form terminological units formed from the root base by means of suffixes and prefixes, for example: en-case-ment 'casing', self-heal-ing 'self-healing of the capacitor', etc.

The following terminology elements are used as prefixes: dis-, electro-, em-, en-, ex-, in-, inter-, multi-, non-, over-, pre-, re-, self-, super-, un -, under-. The suffixes are the terminology elements: -ing, -er, -ion, -or, -ment, -ure, -ation, -ed.

The results of the systematization of affixes according to the degree of frequency show that the most productive in the field of term formation in welding terminology are the affixes dis-, un-, en-, re- acting in the prefix function and the affix -ing acting as a suffix.

According to their origin, the terminology used to form the terms of welding production is both native (un-, over-, under-, in-, -ed, -ing, -er, self-) and borrowed (electro-, ex-, em-, non-, super-, trans- , dis-, multi-, pre-, inter-, -ant, -ion, -or, -al, -ure, -ation, re-, en-, -ment), which have mainly Greek-Latin origin and are therefore called neoclassical terminological elements [2, p. 125-126]. At the same time, the number of original terminological elements is slightly higher than the borrowed ones, their percentage ratio is 64% and 36%, respectively.

Model M3 (compound terminology) is used to create complex terminological units, formed by adding two or more independent language elements, connected by word-formation relations of composing and expressing one complex concept [4, p. 149].

Compound  words are heterogeneous in their structure. Traditionally, there are 3 types of compounds according to the way of joining the bases: neutral, morphological and syntactic. Neutral compound words are characterized by the absence of a connecting element between the bases and are subdivided into the following subtypes: a) simple neutral compound words consisting of non-derived bases (deckhouse); b) Derivative compound words, including affixes (watertightness). Morphological compound words are characterized by the presence of a connecting element between the bases (handicraft, craftsmanship). Syntactic compound words "consist of segments of speech and retain in their structure all traces of syntagmatic relations characteristic of speech (good-for-nothing)" [1, p. 104 - 105].

In its structure, the terms-compounds in the field of welding production are neutral compound words; morphological and syntactic compound words in the analyzed terminology are not represented.

Depending on the components of compound words, the following derivational subtypes of the M3 model can be distinguished.

M3-1. S + S: crowfoot 'dimensional arrow', half-coil 'semi-winding', king-post 'cargo column'.

As a version of this model, a subtype of the Spr + Spr can be distinguished, in which the components of the compound term are the proper terms: Volt-ampere, Volt-coulomb, Volt-ohmmeter.

M3-2. S + V (V + S): workpiece 'product', washboard 'flywheel'.

M3-3. A + S: single-drum 'one-drum', safeguard 'safety device', hard-facing.

M3-4. N + S / [N + S] + ed: two-core, eight-faced, three-legged, three-coated.

M3-5. V + Adv: follow-up 'feedback sensor', hold-back 'retarder', pickup 'gripping device'.

A quantitative analysis of complex compound terms shows that the M3-1 (S + S) model has the highest productivity, significantly exceeding other models in terms of the number of implementation cases.

Thus, the welding system's terminology system is characterized by a standard set of terminological elements of various origins, used on a regular basis in the prefix and suffix functions as part of a simple derivative terminology. For compound (mono-lexical) terminological vocabulary, the realization of regular word-formative and elementary syntactic models is typical, according to which the newly created terms of the corresponding categories of terminological vocabulary can be formed.

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